My Life free essay sample

I wake up. By and by my gas tank’s on E. Be that as it may, I figure out how to make it to my goal: school. It’s the start of my lesser year and winter is coming. I caught strep throat. Furthermore, that transformed into mono. When I realized what mono was, my stomach turned. Realizing I would be out of school and sports for a considerable length of time, I was crushed. By becoming ill, I missed more school than I have ever previously. Mono set me back for a quarter of a year. As I sat on my love seat, throbbing with each move I’d make, not having the option to inhale and grain having the option to walk on the grounds that my feet were swollen. They had an inclination that they were ablaze from all the impacts from mono. It’s like I was solidified in time. In any case, everything around me despite everything moved. I realized I must be sure to recover. Encircled by peers that I’ve been hanging with since center school, the encounters imparted to them gave me how honored I am for what I have. There pressure wasn’t required when fiendishness was presented; I realized my cutoff points just as their conduct and uncontrolled personalities. A portion of my companions don’t have guardians like mine, some of them don’t even have guardians, and checking out me I have the ideal life what more might I be able to request. My family is the springs that skip me back up when I’m down, telling me the best way to be a superior individual and never evolving ethics. Originating from a modest community in Ecuador to the United States of America was a major change I needed to confront when I was 4, since the time then Danbury raised me. Dislike some other multi year old out celebrating and tasting on certain bears, I collapse my home where I help my mother and father. Each Saturday is the point at which I clean my home and sort out the wreckage I made consistently. With my father fixing any little broken thing he could spot around the house, it’s practically like his brain is customized to re building. The majority of the recollections I have with my father are taking a shot at vehicles; something about them just quiets me down. Being a car specialist is a choice; I appreciate taking a shot at vehicles particularly mine. I’m in an alternate world when I’m lying on my back and seeing the base of vehicles. There is no preferred inclination over realizing you fixed something legitimate and it works all around great, you nearly feel invulnerable until another issue shocks you. I’m a speedy student so when I get my hands grimy they wont stop until everything is a go, or until its noon.

Professional Research and Communication Research Design and Methodolo

Question: Examine about theProfessional Research and Communication for Research Design and Methodology. Answer: Presentation: 1. The table beneath shows the reactions with respect to view of 100 clients towards the nature of food provided by the retail food store. For this situation, the score is acquired by duplicating the Rating on Likert Scale Number of Responses Reactions 1. Unequivocally Disagree 14 14 2. Oppose this idea 16 32 3. Uncertain 26 52 4. Concur 14 28 5. Unequivocally Agree 30 15 All out 100 141 141/100=1.41 all out number of respondents furnished by the respondents with the doled out rating number of the Likert scale. This procedure of duplicating the quantity of reactions to the rating is wrong as it neglects to speak to the extent of the respondents for the announcements. A superior measure for assessment of the view of the clients towards the nature of the food results of the organization can be focal propensity (Weiss and Weiss 2012). The computation of the mean of the reactions of the clients can be determined by including all the numbers and afterward partitioning by the complete number of reactions. The can help in showing up at a specific center worth. Once more, the middle speaks to the proper center worth (Gentle et al. 2012). The middle can be specified by list posting the figures in a numerical figure. The mode speaks to the information that happens most as often as possible. The mean as a proportion of the focal inclination can be considered as a superior measurement as it can suitably sum up the information into a solitary list number (Andersen et al. 2012). This can speak to the entre information in general. What's more, the focal propensity can likewise help in correlation of the information that can recognize the most fitting single wor th that is illustrative of the whole recurrence appropriation (Weiss and Weiss 2012) Again, the mean can likewise give an exact portrayal of the information (MacDonald 2012). 2. Indeed, the consequences of the examination can change if the chose and the reprehensive example of the investigation don't partake in the review. The non-investment of the lower number of individuals in the online review can prompt blunders as the little, number of tests may not satisfactorily speak to the whole objective populace of the examination. The odds of neglecting to incorporate an unsatisfied client are pretty much 35%. In this way, the investment of more modest number of tests can disregard many focused on populace. What's more, the cooperation of lower number of respondents can likewise prompt one-sided results that can ignore the perspectives of numerous members. Moreover, the fluctuation that is controlled by basically the standard deviation of the chose test are gotten from the examples of the investigation. Consequently, the littler size of the example due to the non-cooperation of the respondents can prompt developments of the examples from the populace. Moreover, this can likewise influence the general steadfastness of the venture as this non-cooperation of the respondents can prompt littler size of the examples and higher inconstancy. This thusly can prompt predispositions that can happen because of absence of response.3. The information on the sexual orientation of the respondents are viewed as the ostensible worth or, more than likely perceptions that can allot a positive code as a particular number and the numbers can be viewed as essentially names. One can tally the ostensible qualities yet not place the information all together or, more than likely measure the general ostensible information (Berenson et al. 2012). The qualities in the Fahrenheit Thermometers that mirrors the temperatures in Fahrenheit are basically interim factors. The temperature specified in Fahrenheit can be viewed as the factors that can be identified in a continuum and can have diverse numerical worth (Berenson et al. 2012). The Kelvin thermometers that gather esteems speaking to temperatures in Kelvin can be viewed as the proportion factors. The temperature estimated in Kelvin is basically a proportion variable as zero Kelvin mirrors the way that there is no temperature at all (Andersen et al. 2012). The quantity of things a client buys in entire numbers can be viewed as the Ledger equalization can be viewed as an interim as the individuals would have both zero parity or, more than likely negative parity in their record (Weiss and Weiss 2012). 4. Non-test research can be viewed as the exploration that is shy of the treatment of an autonomous variable and irregular task of various members to assorted conditions or, more than likely requests of conditions or both (Gentle et al. 2012). Exploratory investigation can be led for assessment of the impact of drinking squeezed orange on the presentation of the players in the end of the week. The student can do the non-exploratory quantitative research by utilizing numerical or, more than likely he quantifiable information. The aftereffects of the investigation are primarily founded on destinations just as precise perceptions (Pickard 2012). The factors of the exploration that incorporates execution of the players and numerous others can be distinguished that are quantifiable. In any case, the non-trial studies can be engaging, prescient, and logical (Marczyk et al. 2010). The engaging examination can follow the adjustments in the practices and mentalities of the players and set var ious markers for recognizable proof of reactions of the members towards a specific upgrades. The illustrative hypothesis is basically founded on the connection idea that offers a sentiment of security and can look at the relationship between factors of connections (Gall et al. 2010). Semi exploratory investigations are basically the subjects to concerns concerning interior legitimacy therefore the treatment and control gatherings probably won't be tantamount at the standard (John Kuada 2012). On account of irregular analyses, the members of the investigation have equivalent chance of getting chose to a specific intercession gathering or, more than likely the examination gathering. The semi trial configuration can be alluded to as the procedure that mulls over three unique structures that incorporate uncontrolled before just as after examinations, different time arrangement plan and controlled when contemplates (Marczyk et al. 2010). Here, semi investigations can likewise be completed for testing the effect of drinking juices on the exhibitions of the players in the end of the week. Here, the uncontrolled examinations both when explicit intercession can be checked and the changes because of the mediations can likewise be assessed to assess the impacts of the drink ing juices on execution of players. This is a straightforward report in spite of the fact that is better than simply the observational investigation. The abrupt adjustments in the patterns can make it trying as the watched modification would potentially because of the changes. The semi trials can likewise utilize the time arrangement structures that perceive various mediations and influence the whole pattern. A period arrangement examination can likewise be done for figuring the exhibition against time. Controlled when studies can be completed where information can be accumulated out both when intercessions (MacDonald 2012). An examination is basically an investigation that joins a treatment, a strategy and a program that is deliberately presented and a result can be watched (Mackey and Gass 2015). On the off chance that in the event that a trial study is led, at that point four basic components should be fused in the framework. The procedure of the exploratory investigation basically incorporates the systems of control, control, procedure of irregular task just as arbitrary determination. The scientist can change the conditions according to the necessities of the examination and control the whole condition. Once more, the trial study can be both controlled and controlled to show up at the results (Graziano and Raulin 2010). Moreover, tests allude to the techniques that include the endeavors to limit various blunders just as inclinations that can expand the certainty that thusly can control the result. In addition, the test study can likewise incorporate the procedure of arbitrary assignments. A method i s additionally utilized to assess effects of various changes and treatment is basically to make various estimations both before just as after then treatment and complete a near report after the task. So as to show up at the indisputable outcomes, factual examination can be out to get decisive results. The speculations testing technique can be completed where he invalid theory can be expressed as There is no distinction between the players drinking the juices on their exhibition. The elective theory in such manner can be there exists a fluctuation between the pre and post the circumstance of drinking juices on execution of the players. A combined t test can be done for testing the theory. Here, two distinctive combined factors communicated as the matched variable where the choice of the primary variable essentially followed by the pre variable can be done. Once more, the combined example insights can give the mean, standard deviation, numbers and standard mistakes for both when treat ment (Leary 2011). The p esteem in the matched example test can help in showing up at the outcomes. References Andersen, P.K., Borgan, O., Gill, R.D. what's more, Keiding, N., 2012.Statistical models dependent on tallying forms. Springer Science Business Media. Berenson, M., Levine, D., Szabat, K.A. also, Krehbiel, T.C., 2012.Basic business measurements: Concepts and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Nerve, M.D., Borg, W.R. also, Gall, J.P., 2010.Educational research: A presentation. Longman Publishing. Delicate, J.E., Hrdle, W.K. also, Mori, Y. eds., 2012.Handbook of computational measurement

Why SIPA is the place for you COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Why SIPA is the place for you COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We know selecting a graduate school is no easy task. There are several options each applicant must weigh to ensure they’re making the right decision for their future. SIPA appreciates the fact that everyone’s priorities and desires are multifaceted and evolving-and that’s something we understand quite well. As the world’s first and most global public policy school, SIPA produces and shares new knowledge on the critical public policy challenges facing the global community. We train young leaders to engage multiple levels of governance and to reach effective solutions. And those young leaders are creating real-world solutions as we speak. SIPA students and graduates are accomplishing so much in the global community, from developing dynamic Kickstarter projects for global news to teaching vocational training programs for HIV/AIDS affected communities overseas. By showcasing outstanding “Seeple” accomplishments, we know you’ll get a glimpse into what your own future will hold at SIPA. Here’s a look at how our current students and graduates are becoming the global leaders of tomorrow, today: Lauren Greubel, MPA ’15, traveled to Baku, Azerbaijan, to present at the  First Global Forum on Youth Policies. She spoke about the importance of addressing needs of youth through education and engaging youth in the design of education systems. Christina Hawatmeh, MIA ’14, was featured in the Village Voice this week for her startup, Protestify, which tracks protests around the world and connects activists, protesters and citizen journalists with professional journalists. Todd Miner, MPA-ESP ’11, was honored with a NASPAA Spotlight Award for “outstanding contributions toward solving public-sector problems.” The award reflects Miner’s work as a director at Friends of Rockaway, in which he  helped lead recovery efforts  in one of the New York City neighborhoods hit hardest by Superstorm Sandy in 2012. Happy reading!

Organisation Structure Training - 8962 Words

A STUDY ON ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE With reference to HINDUSTAN COCA-COLA BEVERAGES PRIVATE LIMITED VISAKHAPATNAM A project submitted to CHRIST UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment for the Award of Degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION by INDIRA PRIYADARSINI JAGIRIPU Under the guidance of Sir Harold Patrick, Professor CHRIST INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT CHRIST UNIVERSITY, HOSUR ROAD, BANGLORE-560029, KARNATAKA, INDIA DECLARATION: I, Indira Priyadarsini J hereby declare that the project report entitled A Study on the Organization(with reference to Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd) submitted to Christ Institute of Management, Christ University. It is a bonafide work done by me†¦show more content†¦Coca-Cola India has made significant investment to build and continually improve its business in India, including new production facilities, wastes, water treatment plant, distributing system and marketing equipment. During the past decade, coca-cola system have invested a future US $1 billion in India, one of the country’s top International investors. 1 In 2003, Coca-Cola India pledged to invest a future US $100 million in its operations. Coca-Cola business directly employs approximately 6000 local people in India; the company indirectly creates employment for more than 125000 people in related industries throughout vast procurement, supply and distribution systems. It consists of countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka , Bangladesh and Maldives. It is a part of Asia group. It has won the 2002 Robert W Woodruff’s award Best market share of 61% Record 23% CSD’s growth. It has won numerous marketing excellence awards. Secret Formula: Reaching out to the customer + Developing excellent people + Supporting by the winning culture = Leadership in the marketing. 2 PROFILE OF THE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES: Brand name: Coca-Cola Product type:Show MoreRelatedOrganisation and Behaviour1683 Words   |  7 PagesPathways Unit Code: HNBS 103 Organisations and Behaviour Introduction The aim of this report is to compare and contrast different organisational structures and cultures within businesses, observe how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact the performance of the business. Discussing individual approach to the business environment. Comparing different approaches to management and leadership in organisations. Organisational structure works within an organisationalRead MoreAn Organization With A Human Resource Management Plan Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Kiwi Know How Limited specialises in providing workplace training courses in New Zealand for the tourism industry. In particular, customer service training and management training. The organisation has grown in 8 years and currently employs 41 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff and 2 directors. The offices are in Auckland, Tauranga and Wellington. Currently there is a compelling opportunity for the organisation to expand its operations to Christchurch and Queenstown. The proposed expansionRead MoreHuman Resource Development Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagespresent and discuss a strategic model of HRD activities in organisations. Definition of Human Resource Development Human Resource Development (HRD) can be defined as any activity that contributes to the development of people working for an organisation. HRD is the framework for employees to develop their personal and organisational skills, knowledge and abilities. Development can be formal learning process such as in classroom training, a learning course, or a planned organisational change process;Read MoreDesign Parameters And Contingency Factors Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagescontext of management, organisation structure is a backbone of an organisation. Mintzberg (1980) suggested five general types of organisation configuration, constituted by coordinating different elements of organisation (basic parts of organisation, coordinating mechanisms, design parameters and contingency factors), which will be illustrated indirectly as preferring to present in different version to describe Mintzberg’s configurations in this essay. In effect, his suggested structures are related to scientificRead MoreAnalysis Of Management Skills And Safety Hygiene920 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement. For example, staff members need to be clearly directed to maintain their performance. Another example, it will reduce any barriers as the organisation aims to have a friendly environment. The consequences of this would be that the organisation need to hire employee that have an equivalent approach towards shared vision as the organisation and help expand business. Another consequence is that management skills required to plan future changes, examine, evaluate any outcomes. For exampleRead MoreValve Steams Ahead1355 Words   |  6 Pagesgoverned. An organisational structure is the process of arranging people and other resources to work together to accomplish a goal (Schermerhorn, 2011). However, what happens when there is no organisational structure? This is the theme of the â€Å"Valve Steams Ahead† case study in which this report is assessing. Using peer-reviewed sources and other research, an analysis will be made of Valve Software’s operations regarding their flat, unstructured organisational structure. This report will examine Valve’sRead MoreEssay on Human Resource Development1689 Words   |  7 Pagespresent and discuss a strategic model of HRD activities in organisations. Definition of Human Resource Development Human Resource Development (HRD) can be defined as any activity that contributes to the development of people working for an organisation. HRD is the framework for employees to develop their personal and organisational skills, knowledge and abilities. Development can be formal learning process such as in classroom training, a learning course, or a planned organisational change process;Read MoreThe Importance of Human Resources Management1233 Words   |  5 Pagesfairly important for organisations and managers to recognise the curtail of Human Resource Management. It is clear that Human Resource Management (HRM) has become one of the most recommend management strategy in the modern business (Leopold and Harris, 2009). Human Resource Management is a technique process of managing people in the workplace to enable and enhance organization performance (Leopold and Harris, 2009). This theory involved the responsible to attracting, selecting, training and managing peopleRead MoreStrategic Change Management1080 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment Learning Outcome 4 – be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities Criteria To achieve the criteria the evidence must reference show that the learner is able to: 1 a) Identify the purposes of different types of organisation b) Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders c) explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employedRead MoreHealth and Safety Management Systems1101 Words   |  5 PagesEssential Elements required for managing occupational safety and health in organisations What is Health Safety Management? Practices that contribute to the effective control and sustained reduction in incidents, which have the potential to result in acute and chronic deleterious effects to employees and other exposed persons. Is it all about reducing incidents? What is Governance? ‘ The system by which organisations are directed and controlled by their board of directors’ (Jacqui Boardman

Report On Ethical Decision Making - 1055 Words

TO: Natalie LeRoux, Communications Director FROM: Hunter Thompson, Educational Researcher DATE: November 5, 2014 SUBJECT: Requested report on Business Students and their Ethical decision-making As requested, here is the report on ethical decision making and how it affects business students. This report focuses on ethical decisions and how important they are, or aren’t, to commerce students. The report features information from scholarly articles and books relating to business ethics. Mainly, what ethics are, what factors impact ethical decisions, and how universities have taken steps to improve students ethics and behaviour, if that`s truly plausible. What is ethical decision making? Ethical decision-making is the means of assessing the available choices you have and selecting from them in a way that coincides with commonly practiced ethical values and principles. (Making Ethical Decisions, 2014) The benefit of ethical decision making can be purely personal, alleviating any thoughts of possible wrong-doing. Ethical decision-making also boosts your image due to the fact you come across as reputable and trustworthy. Instilling ethical decision-making in your students as an institution is crucial, if down the road within a work environment an individual is found to be practicing poor ethical decisions that will reflect poorly on them but will also reflect poorly on the institution they attended as well. How do business students rank among other students withinShow MoreRelatedBook Report On Ethical Decision Making830 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Hamed Alanazi Book Report Ethical decision-making 10th edition â€Æ' Ethics The book I chose is â€Å"Business ethics: Ethical decision-making† 10th edition is written by O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell. It was published by Cengage Learning in 2014. This book consists of almost 340 pages and five parts. 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It is not such an easy task for businessman to have an ethical decision making, to choose what the â€Å"right† thing to do. In this following factual scenario, John also has to face some ethical dilemmas in his working environment and have difficulty to find appropriate solution. After a brief summary of the facts, I will discuss some ethical dilemmas which John is confronting and some approaches to ethicalRead MoreEthical Decisions Regarding Sociology : An Important Aspect Of Society954 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Decisions Regarding Sociology Sociologists create an important aspect of society, as they study and research different behavioral trend and norms to understand how society functions. They conduct research and surveys to gain knowledge about the subjects they are studying. This can range from a variety of environments from government social work to the medical profession. When conducting these studies it is important for sociologists to hold to a standard of ethics that guards and protectsRead MoreExplain What Informed Consent Is In Respect To Human Dignity Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Explain what autonomy is in respect to human dignity. Autonomy in respect to human dignity is the right to self-determination and it was used to be in medicine to document all the decisions for the patients but that is not the case anymore. The patients now have the right to make choices based on their own beliefs, their own values, and their own needs. As a respiratory therapist, we have to be careful that we should not try to substitute our religious or cultural beliefs for someone who don’t

American Liberty From Past to Present Free Essays

string(105) " under a confederate government in order to defend better the liberties of the people and of each state\." Liberty is a concept that is commonly used by the average American in his daily affairs. A lexical definition of liberty states that it refers to the freedom to believe or act without the restriction of an unnecessary force. As far as the individual is concerned, liberty is the capacity of a person to act according to his will. We will write a custom essay sample on American Liberty: From Past to Present or any similar topic only for you Order Now But do we really know the history of America’s liberty? Do we really understand the historical events that have shaped the liberty that we know of and enjoy in these contemporary times? In this paper, I will be examining the roots of American liberty from the founding era to the modern debates surrounding the concept of liberty. I will also be looking into the proponents of liberty and those who have shared a significant role in defining and upholding liberty as we know it today. The Founding Era Hundreds of years before today, America was an entirely different place. Long before the creation of the Constitution, different European countries have already established their own settlements across America. The Spaniards and the French were among the early colonizers until the time of the British. During the rule of the British Empire, severe shortage in human labor resulted to enslavement and indentured servitude of the natives. In the years that followed, conflicts broke-out between the Native Americans and the English settlers. It should be noted, however, that Virginia already had black indentured servants in 1619 after being settled by Englishmen in 1607 (â€Å"Virginia Records Timeline: 1553-1743,† http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjvatm3. html), thereby suggesting that the attainment of genuine liberty from the colonizers is yet to be realized. It is perhaps during the time when the English pilgrims came to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 and established their colonies that the concept of liberty came about, not the least in the context of the pre-Constitution history of America. As Mark Sargent writes in his article â€Å"The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth,† some of the passengers in the Mayflower ship â€Å"who were not travelling to the New World for religious reasons would insist upon complete freedom when they stepped ashore† since the New World is already â€Å"outside the territory covered in their patent from the [British] crown† (Sargent, p. 236). After the Seven Years War between the British forces and the alliance of French and American Indian forces in 1763, the British Empire enforced a series of taxes on the Americans so as to cover a portion of the cost for defending the colony. Since the Americans considered themselves as subjects of the King, they understood that they had the same rights to that of the King’s subjects living in Great Britain. However, the Sugar Act, Currency Act—both passed in 1764—the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townshend Act of 1767, to name a few, compelled the Americans to take drastic measures to send the message to the British Empire that they were being treated as though they were less than the King’s subjects in Great Britain (Jensen, p. 186). Moreover, the taxes were enforced despite the lack of representation of the American colonists in the Westminster Parliament. One of the famous protests taken by the Americans is the Boston Tea Party in 1773 where numerous crates containing tea that belonged to the British East India Company were destroyed aboard ships in Boston Harbor. As a result, the British government passed a series of acts popularly known as the Intolerable Acts in 1774, further fanning the growing oppression felt by the American colonists. Eventually, the American Revolution ensued beginning in as early as 1775 when British forces confiscated arms and arrested revolutionaries in Concord, thereby sparking the first hostilities after the Intolerable Acts were passed (Jensen, p. 434). From 1775 to 1783, the colonies that formed their own independent states fought as one as the Thirteen Colonies of North America. Lasting for roughly eight years, the American Revolutionary War ended in the ratification of the Treaty of Paris which formally recognized the Independence of America from the British Empire. Between these years, the colonies underwent several changes which constitute part of the developments toward the framing of the Constitution (Bobrick, p. 88). One of these changes is the shift towards the acceptance of notable republican ideals, such as liberty and inalienable rights as core values, among several members of the colonies. Moreover, the republican ideals of the time saw corruption as the greatest of all threats to liberty. In essence, the concept of liberty during the founding era revolves around the liberation of the American colonies from the British Empire and the growing oppression it gave to the colonists through taxation burdens and a series of repressive acts. For the American colonists, liberty meant the severing of its ties from the British government and the creation of its own independent nation recognized by other countries. The writing and ratification of the Constitution On the fourth of July in 1776, the second Continental Congress signed and officially adopted the United States Declaration of Independence which established the separation of the thirteen American colonies—the colonies which were at war with Great Britain from 1775—from the British Empire. Although others say that the founding moment of America is not on July 4 but two days earlier (Groom, http://independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/review/the-fourth-of-july-and-the-founding-of-america-by-peter-de-bolla-455878. html), it remains a fact that there came a point in time when America finally declared its independence. The evolution of American political theory—especially that which is concerned with liberty—can be better understood during the confrontation over the writing and the ratification of the Constitution. In fact, the Declaration asserts that people have unalienable rights which include life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Articles of Confederation served as the constitution which governed the thirteen states as part of its alliance called the â€Å"United States of America†. After being ratified in 1781, the â€Å"United States of America† was brought as a political union under a confederate government in order to defend better the liberties of the people and of each state. You read "American Liberty: From Past to Present" in category "Papers" Meaning, each state retained its independence and sovereignty despite being politically held together as part of the union. However, the Articles were not without opposition and criticisms from several notable political thinkers of the time. For example, James Madison saw several main flaws in the Articles of Confederation that were alarming, or threatened the very existence and purpose of the Articles first and foremost. For one, Madison was concerned about the dangers posed by the divided republics or â€Å"factions† given that their interest may stand in conflict to the interests of others. Madison argues in The Federalist, specifically in â€Å"Federalist No. 10,† that in order to guard the citizens from the dangers posed by these individuals who have contradicting interests, a large republic should be created, a republic that will safeguard the citizens from the possible harms brought by other states. It is likewise important to note that the union is not a homogenous group of citizens with the same political inclinations. Madison also argues that for the government to become effective it needs to be a hybrid of a national and a federal constitution. The government should be balanced in the sense that it should be federal in some aspects and republican in others instead of giving more weight to each separate state over the larger republic. In his â€Å"Federalist No. 39,† Madison proposes and describes a republic government guided by three fundamental principles: the derivation of the government’s legitimate power through the consent of the people, representatives elected as administrators in the government, and a limitation on the length of the terms of service rendered by the representatives (Kobylka and Carter, p. 191). Madison also pointed out in â€Å"Federalist No. 51† that there should be checks and balances in the government, specifically among the judicial, legislative and the executive branches. The judiciary, therefore, is at par with the other two inasmuch as each of the other two are at par with one another. Giving one of the three more powers disables the other two to check if that branch is still functioning within its perimeters. As a result, the more powerful branch becomes a partisan branch which consequently creates dangers to the liberties of the people. Another important part of the evolution of American political theory is the contention raised by Patrick Henry. In a letter sent to Robert Pleasants in January 18, 1773, Patrick Henry sees the relationship between the new government and the institution of slavery as a contradiction precisely because while the new government is said to be founded on liberty, there the evil that is slavery persisted under the new government. During those times, slavery was not yet abolished and that the new government was unable to meet the challenge of living up to its roles and foundations by failing to address the institution of slavery and demolishing it altogether. Moreover, Henry understood the efforts of secession from the hands of England were a matter of freedom or slavery, which can also be looked upon as a question of either a freedom from or a continuation of tax slavery from the British. While Madison was part of the â€Å"Federalists† who were supporting the ratification of the Constitution, the â€Å"Anti-Federalists† apparently argued against its ratification. It was Patrick Henry who led the group in criticizing the contents of the proposed Constitution. For instance, Henry argued that the phrase â€Å"We the People† in the Preamble of the Constitution was misleading primarily because it was not necessarily the people who agreed and created the proposed Constitution but the representatives of each participating state. Thus, Henry argues that the Preamble should instead read as â€Å"We the States† which in turn delegated power to the union. Another argument of the Anti-Federalists is the claim that the central government and, therefore, the central power might result to a revival of the monarchic type of rule reminiscent of the British Empire which the Patriots fought. The fear is that, by delegating a considerable amount of power to the central government, the liberties of the individual states and the people are weakened as a result. Nevertheless, the Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787 and later ratified in each of the state conventions held. The anti-federalists share a significant role in strengthening some of the points of the Constitution through the succeeding amendments. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are popularly known as the Bill of Rights; it is largely influenced by the arguments of the anti-federalists. For the most part, the Bill of Rights aimed to guarantee that Congress shall not create laws which stand against the rights and liberties of the citizens of the nation. In effect, the Bill of Rights limits the power of the federal government in order to secure the liberties of the people in the United States. In â€Å"Federalist No. 84,† Alexander Hamilton argues against the Bill of Rights for the reason that the American citizens will not have to necessarily surrender their rights as a result of the ratification of the Constitution and, thus, the protection of the rights through the Bill is unnecessary. Moreover, Hamilton also argues that creating a Bill of Rights would effectively limit the rights of the people since those that are not listed in the Bill will not be considered as rights. In response to the argument, the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution was introduced and ratified later on. The amendment specifically states that the rights of the people are not to be limited to those which are listed in the Constitution. As it can be observed, the time before and during the ratification of the Constitution and the succeeding amendments made reflect how the people at the time sought to protect the liberties that they have realized and gained after the American Revolution and the defeat of the British Empire. Moreover, the debates at that time revolved around the issue of what to do with the liberties gained and how to secure them for the coming generations. One side—the Anti-Federalists—argues that the central government weakens the independence and sovereignty of the states as well as the rights and liberties of the people. The other side—the Federalists—argues that the Constitution will help preserve and strengthen the Union. Modern debates In the years that followed, debates over the interpretation of the Constitution, the role of the government and the place of the individual in American society have escalated. In his essay â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government† (popularly known as â€Å"Civil Disobedience†) first published in 1849, Henry David Thoreau asserts that the people should not simply remain passive and allow the government to be an agent of injustice. Much of Thoreau’s political beliefs eventually follow that same philosophy. In his work Walden published in 1854, Thoreau attempts to live a life of solitude in a cabin, away from the reaches of the society. In one of his days in Walden, Thoreau was arrested for the charge of not paying his taxes. His defense was that he refuses to pay federal taxes to a government that tolerates slavery. In essence, the fact that Thoreau decided to stay in solitude for approximately two years (although the contents of Walden was made to appear as though all the events happened within just a year) signifies his decision not to conform to the dictates of the society. On the contrary, Thoreau lived a life of liberty, free to do anything that he chooses without the institutions of society restraining him. The same sentiment—non-conformity or disobedience to the dictates of the society, especially the government—echoes through in Thoreau’s other work, which is â€Å"Civil Disobedience†. Thoreau asserts that â€Å"the only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think [is] right† (Thoreau, http://sniggle. net/Experiment/index. php? entry=rtcg#p04). That passage, along with the rest of â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and its theme in general, implies that people have an inherent liberty, which is the liberty to do any time what they think is right. Taken altogether in the context of the concept of liberty, Thoreau seems to suggest that people ought to disobey a government that oppresses other people since each individual has inalienable rights that nobody can take away, not even the government. In the face of oppression such as slavery (which was still very much a part of America within twenty years after the ratification of the original Constitution since the issue of slavery was a very delicate and contentious matter during the Philadelphia Convention), Thoreau even suggested that Abolitionists should not only confine themselves with the mere thought of abolishing slavery but resisting the instructions of the government such as paying taxes. Thus, as a reading of Thoreau’s works would suggest, to have liberty is to act upon crucial issues instead of passively allowing contentious actions of the government to thrive and continue. I cannot help but think that Thoreau’s concept of liberty is something that is absolute, which I also take to mean as confined only within one’s disposition instead of being limited by the government. Moreover, since Thoreau suggests that liberty is doing any time what one thinks is right an individual should first know if what he or she thinks is indeed right instead of being wrong. Charles Madison notes that Thoreau was heavily concerned with the â€Å"ever pressing problem of how one might earn a living and remain free† (Madison, p. 110). I cannot help but begin to think that Thoreau attempts at embodying and enacting his individualistic beliefs. As Leigh Kathryn Jenco argues, â€Å"The theory and practice of democracy fundamentally conflict with Thoreau’s conviction in moral autonomy and conscientious action† (Jenco, p. 355); democracy is essentially the rule of the majority which consequently ignores the decisions of the minority. However, I think that much of Thoreau’s thoughts were heavily influenced by the circumstances during his time. His aversion towards the imposed taxation policy of the government stems from the fact that the government at that time still tolerates slavery which is directly against an individual’s liberty. Thoreau’s insight on the perceived conflict between the liberties being upheld by the Constitution and the actual state of the government during his time points us to the ideal that the people are sovereign because the people is the ultimate source of power of the government. If it is indeed the case that the Constitution upholds the rights of individuals including the right to liberty, it seems appropriate to consider as well why slavery at that time was not immediately abolished entirely especially at the time when the Constitution was ratified. In fact, it was only in 1865 under the Thirteenth Amendment—about 80 years after the original Constitution was adopted—when slavery was legally abolished and when Congress was given the power to finally enforce abolition. During the time when slavery was not yet abolished and immediately after the original Constitution was ratified, it can be said that not all citizens living in America were given full liberties. Several people were still laboring as slaves to their American masters. That is perhaps an often neglected piece of history that undermines the spirit of creating a Constitution and a government that will uphold the rights of the people. The pre-American Revolutionary war, the founding era, the ratification of the original Constitution, the creation of the Bill of Rights and the other succeeding amendments to the Constitution—all these stand as testimonies to the evolution of American political thought. The concept of liberty has played an important role in the development of the federal government and the Constitution. Although the history of American political thought might reveal that the attainment of liberty through the years has never been a smooth journey, contemporary America has reaped a large amount of benefits from the sacrifices and ideas of the Founding Fathers and all the people who lived and died during those times. Some might even argue that liberty is yet to be truly attained in today’s American society. But if liberty is yet to be attained in practice, how is it possible that people are given the right to air their grievances before the government? How is it possible that people have the liberty to do as they please so long as what they do does not conflict with what is legal? In any case, the present American Constitution guarantees the liberty of the people and that there are institutions which seek to promote and guard that important right. Had it been the case that the early Americans swallowed everything that the British Empire throw in their way and that the Founding Fathers abandoned the creation and amendment of the Constitution, the United States of America would not have been the land of the free and the home of the brave. Works Cited Bobrick, Benson. Fight for Freedom: The American Revolutionary War. 1st ed. New York, NY: Atheneum, 2004. Groom, Nick. â€Å"The Fourth of July and the Founding of America, by Peter De Bolla†. 2007. Independent. Co. Uk. October 16 2008. http://www. independent. co. uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-fourth-of-july-and-the-founding-of-america-by-peter-de-bolla-455878. html. Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist, on the New Constitution. 1787. October 18, 2008 http://books. google. co. uk/books? hl=enid=5jMTAAAAYAAJdq=the+federalistprintsec=frontcoversource=webots=A9c2bdwU7csig=k5wcg1Bfdq3We7mJ8jsQXjLsq1Qsa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=3ct=result#PPP3,M1. Jenco, Leigh Kathryn. â€Å"Thoreau’s Critique of Democracy. † The Review of Politics 65. 3 (2003): 355-81. Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763-1776. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2004. Kobylka, Joseph F. , and Bradley Kent Carter. â€Å"Madison, The Federalist, the Constitutional Order: Human Nature Institutional Structure. † Polity 20. 2 (1987): 190-208. Madison, Charles. â€Å"Henry David Thoreau: Transcendental Individualist. † Ethics 54. 2 (1944): 110-23. Sargent, Mark L. â€Å"The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth. † The New England Quarterly 61. 2 (1988): 233-51. Thoreau, Henry David. â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government†. 1849. October 18 2008. http://www. sniggle. net/Experiment/index. php? entry=rtcg#p04. â€Å"Virginia Records Timeline: 1553-1743†. The Library of Congress. October 17 2008. http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjvatm3. html. How to cite American Liberty: From Past to Present, Papers

Chicano Arts Movement free essay sample

As artists began to actively participate in the efforts to redress the plight of Mexicans in the United States, there emerged a new iconography and symbolic language which not only articulated the movement, but became the core of a Chicano cultural renaissance. (Venegas) Chicano Art developed in the 1960s during the political eruption of the civil rights movements in the United States. This renaissance in the arts was in fact the birth and flowering of a Chicano world view or Chicano aesthetic and because of its close alliance with and commitment to social change and political activism it is known today as the Chicano Art Movement. From the ranks of this movement came artists, poets and actors who collectively generated a cultural renaissance and whose work played a key role in creating the ideology of the Chicano movement. (Venegas) JUST ANOTHER POSTER? Chicano Graphic Arts in California, is the first exhibition and book that explores the poster art created by dozens of Chicano artists in California from the late 1960s to the present. We will write a custom essay sample on Chicano Arts Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am honored to be among the artists included in this historic collection. Graphic art has played a key role in  El Movimiento(the Chicano civil rights movement), and the poster has been used to educate, agitate, and organize Americans of Mexican descent. One could even say that political awareness and social activism grew out of the Chicano arts movement. Chicano art has had many influences. Certainly Mexican artists like Jose Guadalupe Posada, Frida Kahlo, and David Siqueiros have had their effect, but so have American comic books, Cuban political posters, and spray-painted barrio calligraphy. (Vallen) Chicano poster art became a means to help preserve and promote a culture largely ignored by the dominant Eurocentric society of the United States. Artists glorified Aztec Gods, Mexican revolutionaries, the Virgin de Guadalupe, immigrant farm workers, and the experiences of everyday raza (people. ) Mexican culture has always informed Chicano art, but it is the American experience that truly gave birth to this distinct genre.

Definition of Positive Psychology in Psychology

Positive psychology is the systematic analysis of the strengths and qualities that permit individuals to thrive. This field is based on the principle that individuals desire to lead momentous and satisfying lives, to promote what is superlative, and to develop their knowledge of love, employment, and fun.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Definition of Positive Psychology in Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Positive psychology is mainly concerned with three aspects, which encourage individuals to adopt it in solving life problems. The three characteristics are encouraging institutions, individual features and helpful sentiments. Understanding individual Sentiments is important in studying gratification in the past, pleasure in the present and optimism for the future. The field is all-inclusive because it identifies the causes of problems and goes ahead to solve them using the most cost effecting techni ques. The field develops some theories that explain why some behaviors or actions occur. Positive psychology is strong because it is responsive to misery and aims at eradicating it. In this regard, it can bring about lasting pleasure, human brilliance and develop some methods for solving problems. Positive psychologists correctly observe that human suffering cannot be separated from well-being. Therefore, psychologists must consider the two possibilities in life, instead of focusing on only one of the two. Positive psychology is resourceful because it argues that happiness is not related to stupidity. Before the invention of positive psychology, most scholars believed that happiness was linked to stupidity. However, positive psychologists proved through research that happiness is indeed related to success at either school or home. As earlier noted, positive psychology is said to promote optimism, which in turn facilitates comprehension of risks. An important quality of positive psyc hology is that it encourages self-actualization and individualism (Rath, 2007). This imply that individuals have freedom to do as they desire, without being restricted by societal institutions such as the family and the state. Even at work, positive psychology suggests that people should be given freedom to decide on the best ways of achieving their goals and objectives.Advertising Looking for article on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Antagonists of positive psychology point out that the field is unrealistic and idealistic. The scholars opposing positive psychology argue that individuals tend to ignore negative thinking in their lives. People embrace only positive reasoning meaning that the idea of considering both situations as argued by positive psychology is misplaced. Individuals may consider the possibility of an event but end up focusing only on the positive outcomes. In real sense, human beings have a natur al bias towards negative events, meaning that they cannot deliberate on them. Thinking about negative or positive events is situational implying that it depends on the occasion. The media for instance will always focus on the negative events, even though some positive ones could be found in an event. Furthermore, doctors focus on curing diseases instead of coming up with measures aiming at preventing them. From the above analysis, it is advisable that scholars should engage in extensive research to establish the truth as regards to the applicability of positive psychology. Existing scholarly gaps in the field should be sealed by generating theories that are more appealing. Positive psychology scholars should engage other researchers in scholarly discussions in order to strengthen the validity of the subject matter. For instance, culture is identified as one of the impediments to the understanding and application of positive psychology. The Chinese culture for instance has its own un derstanding of positive psychology. Such differences should be eliminated through conducting extensive research. In conclusion, the above findings are important in understanding the existing gaps between scholars of positive psychology and other fields. Understanding the limitations or weaknesses of a field is important in conducting future research. Therefore, future studies will be shaped by the findings of this article.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Definition of Positive Psychology in Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference Rath, T. (2007). Strengths Finder 2.0. New York, NY: Gallup Press. This article on Definition of Positive Psychology in Psychology was written and submitted by user Finley H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women During the Franco Era

Women During the Franco Era Introduction Spain emerged from the Civil War with many economic difficulties and problems. The Civil unrest wiped out foreign exchanges and gold reserves thus affecting the economy. The agricultural and industrial sectors had also become ineffective towards economic growth and sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Women During the Franco Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The war also led to global shortages of raw materials, industrial products, and foodstuffs. The Franco regime after 1939 wanted to apply a dictatorial approach to bring new economic policies to promote self-sufficiency and economic empowerment. In the 1940s, the economic growth of the country retarded but took time to recover. By the 1950s, the GDP was at 40 per cent and soon the economy began to grow due to increased black markets, tripling prices, and increased foreign trade. Women also played a huge role to transform the economi c system of Spain. Women during the Franco Era After the Second World War ended, Franco controlled Spain through continued implementation of economic policies and austere approaches to monitor the economic growth. Although the country lacked democracy, Spain achieved a lot in its economic structure. The regime professed that women should continue acting according to the contemporary roles of gender in the society (Twomey, 2000, p. 32). Through the social order and organization, the regime considered women services relevant to improve the conditions in the society. The end of the Civil War in the country resulted in the voluntary society service. During the era, history shows that women played the role of military vanguards. The women in the society were compelled to complete a set of social duties in the society thereby promoting the growth and success of the society. For example, women were helping in shops, working as teachers, and administering medical responsibilities in the cou ntry. This was a compulsory service taking the women six months to complete. The service was mandatory if a person wanted to get a driver’s license, a passport, or even a university degree (Twomey, 2000, p. 48). After finishing the service, it was a major requirement that women received training from physicians and priests. The regime considered this social service in the country relevant to prepare women to a greater course in the country’s economy.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the regime, the social service was an important vehicle to promote the ideology without necessarily applying any oppressive means. At the same time, women learned how to complete household chores and take care of their own children. This was the best idea to improve the contribution of women to the Hispanic society. Another important observation during the Franco era was that women were more empowered because of the social service. During the time, women were actively involved in sports and other forms of physical education. However, majority of the men in the society were against the idea (Sanchez, 2009, p. 12). During the period, majority of the women changed to become modern. The society fought for their training thereby giving them a better chance of becoming nurses and becoming income earners in the society. During the same era, there were increased rights of the women therefore giving them liberty to own a family (Sanchez, 2009, p. 16). They also had the liberty to get married and had children. Some women were homemakers during the Franco era. History also shows that some women were tortured during the era especially those who seemed to support the new regime. Their children were stolen and trafficked thereby oppressing them. This was to oppress them and make sure they supported the rebels. This situation continued to affect the welfare of women in the society thus making their lives unbearable in the society (Ellwood, 2007, p. 63). During the time, women who combined their religious understanding and justice to promote their ideologies and become powerful members of the society formed the Seccion Femenina. The group made it possible for state their positions in the society and the need for continued empowerment. The other thing is that, during the era, women had different views and opinions about Dictator Franco. For instance, some women believed that he was a great leader because it was because of the regime that they became educated, became empowered, and gained much attention from the government. However, some women considered the regime inadequate and oppressive because they did not achieve much in the society (Miller, 2008, p. 46). The most important thing to consider here is that women gained much attention during the period and were able to pursue their personal goals. They became educated and got a chance to practice their own careers. The period saw an increasing number of female practitioners, nurses, teachers, and civil servants.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Women During the Franco Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is notable that the authoritarian Franco regime imposed explicit policies and ideologies on the country’s citizens. Although the regime imposed these ideologies in an indirect manner, it became a unique source of foundation towards the establishment of the country future history. Despite the explicit ideologies such as the social service imposed by the government, it is agreeable that women in the society became powerful and were in a position to achieve their personal goals and fulfillment. Although majority of the women were empowered during the Franco era, it is still acknowledgeable that majority of the women were supposed to act under their husbands (Ellwood, 2007, p. 63). They w ere also supposed to stick to the gender roles, take care of their children, and support their husbands in every little thing. The idea is that the familial hierarchy was significant in the society during Franco’s era. With this kind of order, it was possible to achieve economic improvements based on the strong family foundation and increased participation in nation building activities (Miller, 2008, p. 49). Despite the familial order, the women were also encouraged to perform in the society and undertake economic activities to empower themselves and achieve their goals. The empowerment of the Spanish woman was one of the greatest achievements that led to the continued economic growth in the country. Conclusion Between 1939 and 1975, Spain was under Francisco Franco, a dictator who tried to apply a specific kind of ideology through a social approach. The regime put in place the social service program to improve the social status and conditions in the country. Although this wa s considered a dictatorial idea, it played a huge role in empowering women and ensuring their realized their personal goals and potential in the society. They became free and obtained different employment opportunities in the society. At the same time, the regime professed the traditional roles of females in the society. This made it possible to have powerful families and helped promote economic growth. Reference List Ellwood, S 2007. Spanish fascism in the Franco era, Oxford Press, Madrid.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Miller, K 2008. Women in Hispanic Literature: Icons and Fallen Idols, Wiley and Sons, New York. Sanchez, A 2009. Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco’s Spain, 1939-1975, McGraw, New York. Twomey, L 2000. Women in contemporary culture: Roles and identities in France and Spain, Longman, Madrid.

Advertisement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advertisement Analysis - Assignment Example In this advert, all the car’s occupants comprise youths who have had an accident though the two teens occupying passenger seats seem to have already died. There is a phone showing incomplete statement, â€Å"We’re already ther†¦.† which afterwards rings; probably their friends are inquiring victims where they have reached once they fail to receive a reply text within the anticipated period (â€Å"Eberhard Productions†). In order to make this advert work effectively, producer chooses to use an extremely catching tune while showing the accident’s severity. Hence, bringing a feeling which normally follows tension sound tracks mostly used in movies to evaluate or show consequences of a calamity especially when victims are trying to come into terms with the reality (â€Å"Eberhard Productions†). The advert also utilizes both continuous and immobile animations features like dented vehicle, tree, passing car as well unconscious children who are lethally injured. Other animations include ringing phone, which has prompted the young woman to cause an accident with an incomplete message though the person they were rushing to meet is calling. It is intriguing how the producer integrates actions in the film to relay his or her message. Instead of the warning statement of texting while driving being at the start of the film, he or she chooses to have it towards the end. These encompass unconscious injured victims, dented car, ringing phone and screaming young woman due to shock of what has befallen them though her shout is not audible in the movie (â€Å"Eberhard

Can freedom of speech, as an absolute right, be defended on Research Paper

Can freedom of speech, as an absolute right, be defended on utilitarian terms If not, can Ronald Dworkin defend it as a 'fundam - Research Paper Example ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Abstract This paper concentrates on the notion of freedom of speech and how its functioning has been elucidated in a synchronized manner. The paper also entails the analysis of how freedom of speech as an absolute right can be defended on the utilitarian ground. The last part deals with the critical evaluation of how the famous liberal scholar, Ronald Dworkin, defended the freedom of speech as a fundamental human right and how far he is able to achieve his goal. The general intellection of almost all philosophers today is that human beings with the virtue of their nature possess moral rights in terms of both special rights (for example, the right of a creditor to collect his money from debtor) and general rights. According to the majority of the philosophers, the general notion of belief is that there is compatibility between utilitarianism and moral rights. For instance, the famous British philosopher John Stuart Mill, wh ose contribution is immense in the field of philosophy, perceives a congruency between utilitarianism and moral rights. ... 1. Utilitarianism In order to understand the interaction between utilitarianism and moral rights, it is necessary to define utilitarianism at first. According to John Stuart Mill, â€Å"the utilitarian approach is that happiness is desirable, and the only thing, desirable as an end; all other things being desirable as means to that end.† In support of this he has also mentioned: â€Å"If so, happiness is the sole end of human action, and the promotion of it is the test by which to judge of all human conduct, from whence it necessarily follows that it must be the criterion of morality, since a part is included in the whole† (Brandt 1992, pp.197-198). The concept of utilitarianism was ushered in the 19th century by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill to help the legislative units frame different laws which are morally optimal. In the utilitarian approach, firstly various courses of action are identified. After that the entities to be possibly affected by each action and w hat benefits or harms will be caused by each action need to be evaluated. Lastly, a certain action is chosen to produce the greatest benefits and least harm (Velasquez et al., 2010). 2. Freedom of speech as an absolute right and utilitarianism Freedom of speech is invariably represented as a fundamental right by written Constitution and bills against state suppression and regulation. Freedom of speech is an important concept. The prime function of the freedom of speech is a representative range of views. These views are mainly responsible for the decision making processes at all levels in a societal structure. These are the prime functions of freedom of speech. Implementation of a decision is deemed to be successful when it is done after ample

Language Learning Styles And Strategies English Language Essay

Language Learning Styles And Strategies English Language Essay Dr Georgi Lazanov, a Bulgarian proponent of the accelerated learning affirmed that human learning is the basic and natual function-easier than breathing and walking (as cited in Prashnig, 2004). This seems to be right to learning a language as a mother tongue because we were born with the same ability of learning our first language so most of us acquire and learn our first language easily and naturally. However, the expectation is not the same to acquiring and learning a second or foreign language. In my career of English language teaching, I have witnessed a number of students who make very little progress in their language learning whereas the others get improved quickly and conspicuously. Althought most students have received generally equivalent language education at schools or universities, they show differences in proficency and competence in using the target language. So, why are some successful and the others fail to get good achievement in their learning? Why do those studen ts can speak well in the target language but the others can not communicate fluenctly and confidently? Is it because some are smarter than the others? what makes the differences among these students? A number of researches on these matters have indicated that each student prefers different learning styles and their learning styles impact on the trategies they apply to their learning. This results in learning styles as well as learning strategies affecting the students learning achievement (Ehrman Oxford, 1988). This discovery confirms Georgi Lazanovs belief that learning is a matter of attidude not apptitude. The importance of learning styles and stategies have been widely recognized in language learning and more and more research has been done on them . Definitions of terms. According to Brown (2000, p. 113). Style is the term used to refer consistent and rather enduring tendencies and preferences an individual has. Styles are characteristics of intellectual functioning that make an individual unique. Styles characterized an individuals typical way of thingking and feeling Strategy is the term used to refer a method of approaching a prolem and an operation used to achieve a particular goal. Different people employed varied strategies to solve their own problems and the strategies they use might not be the same time by time. A good language learner to Joan Rubin ( 1975, pp. 46-48): is a willing and accurate guesser. He employs appropriate ways to perceive and process information. He accepts uncertainty and he is flexible and comfortable in applying his ability of guessing to explore for and get the meaning of the communication from the clues that he is offerd in the setting in combination with using his social and linguistic schemata. has strong motivation to communicate. He is willing to involve himself in communicating by using any means such as circumlocution, gestures, spelling, paraphrasing, creatively forming new words from the original ones.to express his meaning or to get his message across. is not inhibited. He is willing to make mistake because he believes mistakes are part of language learning process. He learns from his own mistakes by trying to understand them and avoid repeating them. is prepared to attend to form. While a normal learner tends to percieve what they are taught in the textbooks or lessons in the classroom, a good language learner seeks for something else beyond them. He is constantly looking for patterns in the language by analyzing, categorizing and synthesizing it. practices what he has learned or acquired. He find the opportunities to use the language as soon as possiple not only in class but also outside the classroom. monitors his own speech and the speech of others. He evaluates his performance by mornitoring his own speech and getting feedback from the listeners. He also mornitors the others to see how they use the language in comparision with the standards he has been taught. attends to meaning. He pays attention to not only the forms of speech or grammar but also the meaning of the language by negotiating the meaning of the message in differenct contexts. Statement about the background of the learners in the research and the research questions The learners are recent graduates or experienced engineers from different parts of Vietnam recruited to work for projects of Petrovietnam. They have received nearly equivalent English language education at school and at university. However, after graduation they are at different English proficiency levels. Like most of the other Vietnamese students, they can hardly speak English. Some of them even can not read aloud an English reading text fluently. This is the most common problem for English language learners in Vietnam. They are sent to PVMTC to take a special course to improve their technical knowledge and English skills, especially speaking skill, to perform their job together with foreign experts in their field at industrial facilities or in offices. They have five classes a week and each class lasts for four hours. They are extremely motivated because after the course, they are expected to achieve at least 650 marks on TOIEC and to be good at communication in all circumstances in order to be appointed to different appropriate positions at their working place. The learning objectives of the course are obvious and CLT approach is chosen to apply in teaching the students so that they can improve their communicative skills in English. Before doing the course, the school give them a placement test to categorize their English proficiency levels and put them in the diffirent appropriate classes accordingly. The students have different attitudes and behaviuor to their language learning and so is their learning effectiveness. The high proficiency students usually appear to make better progress, their learning outcome appears better than the low proficiency students, and especially, their speaking skills get improved obviously. So, my study serves to find out the answers to the following questions: What makes the difference between the students of low and high language proficiency level? What is the difference of language learning strategy use between EFL students of high and low proficiency levels in learning English speaking in Petrovietnam Manpower Training College (PVMTC) in Vietnam? What can a teacher do to help these leaners of diffirent learning styles use and combine different types of strategies in their English speaking learning? Being different from learning styles, language learning strategies can be probably trained to the learners. Hopefully, the finding of the study and its practical implication could help language teachers in their teaching. Liturature Review Language learning styles Learning styles are prefered approaches to learning, the environment of a learner and the ways he or she perceives and processes information, the specific ways that an individual acquires, retains, and retrieves information (Felder Henriques, 1995), inherent and pervasive characteristics of a particular individual or a group of people (Willing, 1988), preferred or habital patterns of mental functioning and dealing with new information (Ehrman and Oxford, 1990), means of acquiring knowdlege and skills, habits, strategies, regular mental behaviours concerning learning an individual displays (Pritchard, 2008). Or according to Keefe (as cited in Griggs, 1991), learning styles are the composite of characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological factors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to the learning environment. Different researchers have got different definitions of the learening styles depending on their perception of learning and education psychology. So there are also different dimension of learning styles and more than twenty dimentions of learning styles have been known so far focusing on social, physical, environtmental preference, personality type, cognitive ability. In this paper, I would like mention the two models of learning styles that are relatively related to language learning. VARK- Visual, Aural, Read-Write and Kinethetic Neil Fleming (1987) classified learners according to their preference in the ways of getting, retaining and processing the input as well as performing the output. Visual learners learn through seeing and like using the words that they can visualize their images. In the classroom, they are usually impatient. They tend to interupt the others while they are talking but they are good at talking and persuading. Auditory learners are really good listeners. They like verbal explanation and information in spoken words. They think in a linear way and they speak slowly. Read-write learners enjoy writing and reading. They feel more comfortable with any input or output in form of texts. Kinethetic learners learn through manual operation using senses. They try new things and they learn from the errors they make. They tend to like dealing with real life problems but they are not very risky in making decision. The Index of Learning Styles The famous model of Learning Styles developed by Richard Felder and Linda Silverman 1988 devived the learning styles into four dimensions indicating the ways in which the learners perceive the world. Sensing and intuitive (Perception dimension): Sensing learners prefer learning the facts. They learn best with certain and real information. They tend to solve problems in a common way and they hate complications. Intuitive learners prefer discovering posibilities and relationships. They tend to like finding the meaning. Information of conception, creation and theory attract them most. They do not like repeatition. Active and reflective (Processing dimension) Active learners prefer doing. They understand well and keep in their mind the given information for long if they are allowed to act, learning. They learn best with the others. Reflective learners prefer to think, evaluate, analysis the input. They feel more comfortable with learning quietly and individually. Visual and verbal (Input dimension) Visual learners deal well with graphs, pictures, and diagrams. They prefer visual representations of information. Â   Verbal learners get inforamation most if it is in both spoken and written words. Sequential and Global (Understanding dimension) Sequential learners get the understanding of the information in a linear way and they get the whole input by connecting logically and orderly the segments of it with one another. Global learners look at the input as the big picture to understand them. They usually work with the whole then its details. Language learning strategies Learning strategies are operations, steps, plans, thoughts or behaviors that learners use to help themselves to acquire, retain, regain and use information (Wenden Rubin, 1987; OMalley and Chamot, 1990; Weinstein Mayer, 1986). In other words, learning strategies are characterized as specific actions that learners take to make their languge learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective and more transferable to new situations (Oxford, 1989, 1990). Among the strategy taxonomies developed by varied researchers such as Stern, O Malley and Oxford, as a teacher, I am particularly interested in the Stratey Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) which was developed by Oxford in 1990 for its importance as a effective tool to determine the strategies that a learner uses in learning English. In her system, Oxford separates language learning strategies into two general classes direct strategies and indirect strategies. These two classes are divided into six groups: memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective and social strategies. Direct Strategies are employed by learners to deal with the new language. Memory strategies used for information storage and retention included in four sets: creating mental linkages, applying images and sounds, reviweing well and employing actions.These strategies helps learners remember what they have learned better by putting them together in a logical order, retain and retrieve them by associating them with images and sounds and act them out if it is possible. At the early stage of the language learning or for the learners who are young children, memory strategies are applied most frequently to learn vocabulary. Cognitive strategies used for analyzing, classifying and combining new information with the learnerss prior knowledge comprise of four sets: Practising, receiving and sending messages strategies, analizing, reasoning and creating structure for input and output. Learners employ these strategies as tools to achieve the target language by reapeating verbally or in words to get new information, to complete a complex task needing a lot of thinking like reading comprehension which is closely related to the learners prior knowlege, to summarize and restructure the target language in useful forms. Compensation strategies used for reducing the effects of lacking knowledge of the target language included in two sets: guessing intelligently and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing. The learners insufficiency of vocabulary and grammar can be overcome by guessing, using gestures, adjusting the message. Indirect Strategies used for genaral management of learning can be used in combination with Direct Strategies to regulate the learning. Metacognitive strategies used by the learners for the sefl-reflection. They embrace three sets: centering your learning, arranging and planning your learning, evaluating your learning. The strategies aim to drive the learners attention to particular skill areas of the language to improve, set the goals and objectives, organize their learning by dealing well with tasks to get the best achievement, seek opportunities to prastise and self-evaluate by monioring their learning progress to make sure that they get benefit from their effort. Affective strategies used for controling learnersemotions, attitudes and motivations. They fall into four sets: lowering your anxiety, encouraging yourself and taking your emotonal temperature. The learners have both positive and negative feelings that may slow down or speed up their learning process. The strategies help them to control their negative feelings to overcome the psychologic difficulty, self-encourage to have themselves engage fully in learning the language and command themselve by sharing their feelings in different ways. Social strategies used for co-operating with others in learning. These strategies contain three sets: asking questions, co-operating with orthers, empathizing with others. Asking question is the most useful way to get imformation and its meaning. Learning language occurs mostly in communicating with others. So co-operation gives learners the best chance to get involved in the learning environment to learn the language. The trategies help learners enhance cultural understanding and sharing others feelings and learn the language. Overview of research on learning styles and strategies Many researcherss findings have implied the effect of learning strategies and indicate that most language learners unconciously use learning stratergies to enhence their learning and they sometimes may not really realize that they have chosen the most appropriate strategies to utilize and (Chamot Kupper, 1989). It is also stated that the good learners know well the strategies they use and tend to apply varied but appropriate language strategies and are able to explain the reasons why they use them for different tasks, learning needs and different stages of their learning and that the learning strategy use of the high proficiency learners appear more frequent and wide-ranging (OMalley Chamot, 1990). Ming Nuan Yang (2008) finds the same result in her study of language learning strategies used by the students in Chang Gung Institute of Technology in Taiwan. In her study of language learning strategies used by students at different proficiency levels in a university in Taiwan, Ya Ling Wu (2008) confirms that the higher proficency students use more and varied learning strategies, especially cognitive, metacognigive and social strategies than the lower proficiency students do. However, Vann and Abraham (cited in Sawani) found the opposite results in their study of strategy use of ecademic English learners in the USA which showed that the strategy use of the unsuccessful learners are the same as the successful learners As we know, language learning strategies can help learners to be more autonomous. Language learning strategies also assisst learners in making choices, initiating learning activities and taking responsibility for their learning. Each strategy have its own significant effect on different language skills. To deal well with English language speaking learning, the learner , as a good language learner, is required to be a risk-taker, to make good use of paraphrasing and circumlocution, to be aware the importance of self-monitoring, and self-evaluation (Chamot Kupper, 1989). Therefore speaking skills in partcular are usually effected most by compensation, cognitive, metacognitive, social and affective strategies. One of the biggest problems that the L2 learners face to is the deficiency in vocabulary and grammar of the target language. In the English language speaking classroom, the highly proficient students usuall usually apply compensation strategies which to Oxford (1990) can help learners comprehend and produce messages in the new langguage making up their deficiency in vocabulary and grammar. Applying compensation strategies , the learners appear to become a better language learner because they are getting willing to take risk. For example, they are willing to take risk to learn to speak the language at their expense. They are not afraid of being a fool when making mistakes or using gestures as they are speaking. They become good guessers to understand what people say and become very creative in using the target by paraphrasing or using circumlocution to express their intended messages to get themselves understood. In his study in 2009, Chandra Bose found that the compensation strategie s were adopted by engineering students of Tamil Nadu in India while speaking English to make up for the inability to speak fluently and Goh and Foongs study on language learning strategy use of Chinese students shows similar results but Yang (2007) found that both high and low proficiency Chinese students in his uninersity used compensation strategies more than other strategies. Most learners are very cognitive when they deal with learning the second language esspecially aldult learners. They love using their mind, cognitive strategies to solve problems. However, OMalley Chamot (1990) beleive that cognitive and metacognitive strategies are often used together to support each other and that the appropriate combinations of using these strategies often bring more effectiveness. Cognitive strategies help learners analyse, classify and associate the new information with the prior knowledge and mentally restructure them to make the new one for their own. They provide language functions and structures whereas metacognitve stratergies help learners manage their learning by self reflecting. Rubin (1975) states that a good language learner always look for opportunities to involve in communication and highly aware of their learning. So does a language learner with metacognitive strategies. They monitor their own speaking to learn from the mistake they have made, plan their learning to achieve the goal they have established. These learners are usually reflective learners. Metacognitive strategies are claimed to be used more often by Taiwanese university students ( Yang, 2007) and Chinese students (Bedell, cited in Yang, 2007) than by Puerto Rican, Egyptian, Indonesian and Korean students (Yang, as cited in Yang, 2007). The affective filter hypothesis of Krashen (1982) concerns the factor of emotions that effect the learners second language acquisition. It means that the learners with high affective filter will receive less input than the ones with lower affective filter. This is consictent with Oxford (1990) belief that affective strategies can help learners to lower their anxiety, encourage themselves and take their emotional temperature. Affective strategies enable learners to control their emotions and attitude to language learning because the learners can be encourage or decourage in learning a foreign language by being intersed or anxious or bored. Affective strategies are asserted to have sigficient impacts on learners since they assist learners to overcome the anxiety they may have when speaking. That is the reason why the results found in Yangs study of Chinese (Yang, 1993 cited in Yang, 2007) and Taiwanese students use of learning strategies show that affective strategies were used the lea st (Yang, 2007). This is explained that Chinese and Taiwanese students in a traiditional English class have few chances to speak. Learners tend to use social strategies look for oppotunities to engage themseves in communication by asking questions, asking for help, practising the new things they have learn with others and sharing their feelings about learning the target language with others. Learners with social strategies make use of asking questions to achieve understanding, cooperating to increase confidence and to be in competition to expose their better performence than othersand to develop cultural understanding. Social strategies help learners learn the target language through interacting with others. This is extremely significant in learning speaking. However, the choice of social strategies depends a lot on learners characteristics and learning styles. The learners with social strategies are usally active learners who are extroverts who tend to open up with others to learn the language (Ehrman and Oxford, 1990). Conclusion Most of the studies on language learning styles and strategies in recent decades have stated that learning styles effect the seclection of language learning strategies the learners apply to their language learning. In the other hand, research also indicates that the levels of success and proficiency the learners reach and the frequency and variation of learning strategy use of the learners increase accordingly. These findings are vitally important to language teachers who play a very significant role in part of the successes that their students may enjoy or part of the failure that their students learning may end in. Learning about the diference of language learning strategy use between the successful, high proficiency learners and unsuccessful, low proficiency learners is necessary to teachers so that they can adapt their teaching styles to match their students learning styles, train their students the language learning strategies that the successful, high proficiency students utili ze in their learning to help them to enhence their learnings effectiveness in the ways that the good language learner does.

Consequently Mayflower

There were several dfferent classes of people who settled in the colonies of North America. They all experienced hardships along the way, though some experiences were milder than others. One perspective of someone who had a decent experience. was William Bradford. He was one of the leaders among the group of religious, freedom-seeking people, called Pilgrims, who arrived in America on the Mayflower. Their trip was not as smooth as It seemed though. Their ship had gotten off-course several times, as a result of the violent storms that took place.Consequently, in spite f the patent (which had originally granted them to settle in Virginia), they ended up settling their colony in what they called Plymouth (Massachusetts). This lead to a series of conflicts between the group of land-seeking people and the religious people. The land-seeking people argued that they were not bound by the terms of the patent, and thus no one had the power to control them. As a compromise, Bradford and the oth er leaders created an agreement called the Mayflower Compact, which stated that members of the colony had to form a civic body politic, and obey by the laws for the good of the colony.Bradford later went on become governor of the Plymouth Colony. Another perspective, is of Olaudah Equiano, who served as an African slave and came to the America not by choice, but by force. Born in Africa to a village chief, Equiano was suppose to follow in his father's footsteps. However, at age 11 he was kidnapped and loaded Into a crowded slave ship with Inhumane conditions. After barely surviving the poor conditions of the trip, Equiano was first taken to the Barbados, and then to Virginia to work in a plantation. Less than a month later, he was sold to an English naval officer.After traveling the world as the man's servant for seven years, he was fortunate to have been able to buy his way out of slavery. HIS fate was lucky, compared to others who would, along with their children. never know freed om again. Lastly, a slightly better experience of settling in the colonies would be Matthew Lyon, who was one of the many indentured servants who voluntarily agreed to trade their freedom for a trip to America. Lyon was a fourteen year old at the time, but his intelligence allowed him to persuade the ship captain to say he was eighteen (through bribery), which lessened his service time to three- ears.However, because of his cleverness, he once again was able to shorten his service time. After a year of service, he convinced a farmer to give him two bulls, promlslng to pay off the debt when he was free. With the bulls now In his possession. he was then able to sell the bulls to his master in exchange for his freedom. From the on, he was free, and after working off the debt he owed the farmer, Lyon went on to first become a ironworker, then an officer in the army, and eventually, the legislator of Vermont.As you can see, there were many different types of people with a wide ange of pe rspectives, who settled in the colonies of North America. BY Pinklover1967 There were several different classes of people who settled in the colonies of North were milder than others. One perspective of someone who had a decent experience, Their trip was not as smooth as it seemed though. Their ship had gotten off-course 11 he was kidnapped and loaded into a crowded slave ship with inhumane slavery. His fate was lucky, compared to others who would, along with their children, promising to pay off the debt when he was free. With the bulls now in his possession,

Leaders and tempting situations Essay

This book by Ira Chaleff explores and analyzes the role of a follower. Too many a time leadership has been highlighted but this book uniquely shifts its focus to the follower. The author argues that following is often stigmatized, it is often perceived as docility, weakness or the failure to excel. This handbook shows that a courageous follower can be an enormous asset to a leader. It illustrates Chaleff’s confidence in the individual. The book talks about dynamics of interpersonal relationships that can be applied in everyday situations anywhere. It identified five dimensions in which courage can be demonstrated: assuming responsibility, serving, challenging, participating in transformation and, given the worst-case scenario, leaving. What then is a courageous follower? A courageous follower understands that anything can happen in a fast-paced world thus contingency plan is always a necessity. He accepts that he holds a risky position and is able to speak and act the truth not compromising respect for individuals (Chaleff 2003). One who is not afraid to work closely with other followers and one who dares to challenge existing practices but in a constructive and non-confrontational way (Chaleff 2003). The author purports that courage cannot lead to disobedience unless on special circumstances such as the preservation of life and the respect of the law are at stake. These exceptions are deemed important enough to supersede the human tendency to follow orders (Chaleff 2003). Becoming a courageous follower is not achievable overnight. There is no shortcut to being partner to a leader. Courageous following is a two-way street. It takes a lot of openness and perceptiveness. Moreover, it takes passion for the job, initiative, buy-in, loyalty, trust, open mind and communication skills (Chaleff 2003). As relationship based on courage is grown, credibility is build. I would say courageous following should be practiced in our Department. Ours is a highly-charged working environment where preservation of life is the main goal. It is but practical for a follower be he courageous or not to be able to respond – in a timely manner to certain situations that calls for contingency measures. But I believe everyone in the Department understands how risky the positions we hold are. In addition to this, there is always the truth part or the morality issue. It’s not only practical but I would say a necessity for anyone in the Department to espouse truth all the time. This goes for anyone regardless where they are working but ours seem to weigh more in peoples’ perception because we are in law enforcement and we are the law enforcers. We serve and protect the law thus we are assumed to be lawfully and morally upright. This though is a perfect world scenario. Ours is hardly perfect. There are always faulty leaders and tempting situations that would challenge our commitment to truth. This is where being a courageous follower comes into play – speaking and acting the truth, daring to challenge conventions, practice, instructions or rules, always maintaining that certain degree of professionalism and respect for individuals. The points raised in the book are generally applicable in almost all organizations. Being a courageous follower takes a lot of hard work and professionalism. It takes discipline and commitment. The leaving part of being a courageous follower given the worse causes can be impractical in a way. But in the end things will just boil down to one word – integrity. Work Cited Chaleff, Irah, (2003). The Courageous Follower: Standing up to and for our Leaders. Berrett- Koehler Publishers, 2nd Edition